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              <text>Populism, the rule of law, and democracy are concepts currently circulated public and academic debates throughout Europe, with the European Commission itself accruing more competences in this area. However, the diversity of definitions, legal and democratic cultures and judicial landscapes in the EU not only inhibit the study of the current rule of law breakdowns, but fail to address the crux of the issue at the European level. This study focuses on the implications of the election of populism into national legislatures for EU governance by raising the question “how do developments at concerning national populism in new member states affect the rule of EU law?”. Starting from a theoretical framework centred on rational and sociological understandings of political behaviour, and an overview of the rule of EU law and the EU's enforcement mechanisms, this study employs a linear regression model with panel-corrected standard errors and a Rare Events Logistic Regression to quantify the impact of national populism on one of the most important aspects of the EU legislative process: the transposition of EU directives into national statute books. The study finds that the presence of populists in national legislatures increases the number of infringement cases opened by the European Commission against the respective member state due to a failure to accurately transpose a Directive and uphold the rule of EU law, and it also increases the likelihood that the case will be referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union following continued noncompliance with the Commission’s recommendations and warnings. The evidence points to the issue of the stunted socialisation of the new Member States into EU values and the urgency with which EU institutions must revise – by Treaty reform or otherwise – the safeguards for the rule of EU law.</text>
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              <text>Populism, the rule of law, and democracy are concepts currently circulated public and academic debates throughout Europe, with the European Commission itself accruing more competences in this area. However, the diversity of definitions, legal and democratic cultures and judicial landscapes in the EU not only inhibit the study of the current rule of law breakdowns, but fail to address the crux of the issue at the European level. This study focuses on the implications of the election of populism into national legislatures for EU governance by raising the question “how do developments at concerning national populism in new member states affect the rule of EU law?”. Starting from a theoretical framework centred on rational and sociological understandings of political behaviour, and an overview of the rule of EU law and the EU's enforcement mechanisms, this study employs a linear regression model with panel-corrected standard errors and a Rare Events Logistic Regression to quantify the impact of national populism on one of the most important aspects of the EU legislative process: the transposition of EU directives into national statute books. The study finds that the presence of populists in national legislatures increases the number of infringement cases opened by the European Commission against the respective member state due to a failure to accurately transpose a Directive and uphold the rule of EU law, and it also increases the likelihood that the case will be referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union following continued noncompliance with the Commission’s recommendations and warnings. The evidence points to the issue of the stunted socialisation of the new Member States into EU values and the urgency with which EU institutions must revise – by Treaty reform or otherwise – the safeguards for the rule of EU law.</text>
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              <text>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains the leading cause of maternal death in the UK. With a significant proportion of cases occurring in the first trimester, there is a clear need for improved preconception care to identify and reduce risk. This mixed-methods study explores women’s awareness, access, and experiences of preconception care in relation to VTE risk through an online survey and focus group discussions. Findings will inform strategies to enhance equitable and effective preconception services, ensuring that women receive timely and tailored advice to support safer pregnancies.</text>
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              <text> Within a biological system, proteins are essential; they are the building blocks of life. Their functions range from performing as antibodies to catalysing reactions as enzymes; so, proteins have an extremely varied and extensive use through a variety of industries. With mutations, their stability and functionality can be modified, with even single-point mutations having a strong effect. Therefore, being able to predict the effect in stability changes of these mutations is essential, but often computationally costly and weak when encountering unseen data. With the rise in popularity of protein language models (PLMs), including ESM, there have been improvements, but these models still encounter the same difficulties. This study explores the effect of ensemble learning on improving protein stability predictions. This is done by combining two base models: a convolutional neural network (CNN) using wild-type and mutant sequences, and a neural network trained on frozen ESM embeddings. They each form two base-learners, where each is trained on half the base training data. To combine their predictions, intermediate meta-learners for each model type and a final meta-learner are used. Results show that ensemble learning improves predictions over base models, showing improvements in all performance metrics used. Notably, even the weaker CNN-based learners contributed to improved ensemble performance, reinforcing the benefit of this type of architecture. Although it is necessary to further optimise hyperparameters and include stronger base models in the future, these results indicate that ensemble learning can lead to more accurate protein stability prediction with minimal additional computational cost.</text>
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              <text>The present study examined whether flexibility, resource loss/gain, and the ability to maintain daily routines predict post-traumatic stress (PTS) among survivors of the 2023 Turkey earthquakes. We also explored whether post-traumatic stress levels differ by gender (female vs male). Forty-nine earthquake survivors were recruited to complete online questionnaires measuring PTS, cognitive flexibility, flexibility mindset, resource changes, and everyday routine maintenance. Multiple regression analyses indicated that none of these variables significantly predicted PTS (p = .704). Independent samples t-test suggested that females reported significantly higher PTS levels than males, t(20) = 2.27, p = .035. While the findings did not support previous research linking these factors to post-traumatic stress (possibly due to the small sample size) they highlight significant gender differences. Future research should involve larger samples, explore additional factors contributing to post-traumatic stress, and investigate the underlying reasons on females reporting greater post-traumatic stress compared to males.</text>
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              <text>Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is characterised by the cyclical nature of psychological and somatic symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that significantly affect the functioning of various aspects of daily life. Controversy, paucity of knowledge and awareness surrounds the research on Premenstrual dysphoric Disorder. It is an under-researched disorder riddled with methodological limitations, lack of diversity in cohort studies, small samples and a lack of systemic reviews, meta-analysis and randomised control trials. No universal diagnostic and screening standardised method is used worldwide, nor is there a different nomenclature used to describe the disorder. First-line treatment of the disease differs among professional healthcare bodies. The foundations of Premenstrual dysphoric disorder were always controversial, as seen with its inclusion in the American Psychiatric DSM-5 and the World Health Organisation’s ICD11 caused controversy where psychologists and feminist thinkers alike argued that this is a way of pathologising a natural process, adding to the stigma around women’s emotions being tied to their hormones. The pathophysiology of the disease is still relatively unknown. However, a widely accepted cause is the interaction of reproductive steroids like oestrogen, progesterone and allopregnanolone on central neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABAa receptors and the Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Other possible causes, associations, and co-morbidities are discussed. There needs to be more precise definitions around premenstrual dysphoric disorder separated from premenstrual syndrome and more education within healthcare systems about the disorder in order to improve patient-provider communication for better experiences and a more accurate clinical picture of the disorder. As well as more personalised care for women with PMDD and approaching research of the pathophysiology from a psychosomatic perspective.</text>
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